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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク History of water supply and sanitation ： ウィキペディア英語版 History of water supply and sanitation Water supply has been a primary logistical challenge since the dawn of civilization. Where water resources or infrastructure are insufficient for the population, people fall prey to disease, dehydration, and in extreme cases, death. Major human settlements could initially develop only where fresh surface water was plentiful, such as near major rivers. Over the millennia, technology has dramatically increased the distances across which water can be relocated, but the availability of clean and fresh water remains a limiting factor on the size and density of population centers, and is expected to remain so into the foreseeable future. ==Prehistory== During the Neolithic, humans dug the first permanent water wells, from where vessels could be filled and carried by hand. Wells dug around 6500 BC have been found in the Jezreel Valley. Stepwells have mainly been used in Indian subcontinent. The size of human settlements was largely dependent on nearby available water. Pit toilets and chamber pots were the only alternative to defecation in the open. Devices such as shadoofs, and sakias were used to lift water to ground level. Mohenjo-daro ruins in Pakistan, Dholavira in Kutch district of Gujarat, part of the Indus Valley Civilization, shows that the settlements had one of the ancient world's most sophisticated sewerage system that contained drainage channels, rain water harvesting and street ducts.〔Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb. 2011. (Mohenjo-daro’s Sewers ). In Kevin Murray McGeough (ed.), ''World History Encyclopedia'', Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 121-122.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of water supply and sanitation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.